Categories
Resuscitation

Anaphylaxis: Admit or Discharge?

You will no doubt see a child with anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department. Recognition, management and disposition are all key questions that feel incredibly fluid at this juncture. I had the pleasure of interviewing Tim Dribin, an Emergency Medicine Attending from Cincinnati Children’s who recently published a paper in PLUS ONE focusing on admissions for children with anaphylaxis. Should we move the observation time from four to two hours? Who is most at risk for biphasic reaction? And how can we use data form kids that were admitted, and received no interventions, to inform practice in the ED?

Read the article from Dribin et al. right here! 

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References

Dribin TE, Michelson KA, Monuteaux MC, Stack AM, Farbman KS, et al. (2019) Identification of children with anaphylaxis at low risk of receiving acute inpatient therapies. PLOS ONE 14(2): e0211949. 

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Categories
Infectious Diseases

Sinusitis

Did you know that up to 9% of URIs are eventually complicated by acute sinusitis in children? This episode of PEM Currents, the Pediatric Emergency Medicine podcast focuses on making the diagnosis of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis clinically and when to pull the antibiotic prescription trigger.

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References

Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, Pankey GA, Seleznick M, Volturo G, Wald ER, File TM Jr, Infectious Diseases Society of America. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):e72.

Hicks CW, Weber JG, Reid JR, Moodley M. Identifying and managing intracranial complications of sinusitis in children: a retrospective series. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(3):222.

Wald ER, Applegate KE, Bordley C, Darrow DH, Glode MP, Marcy SM, Nelson CE, Rosenfeld RM, Shaikh N, Smith MJ, Williams PV, Weinberg ST, American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):e262.

Wald ER, Milmoe GJ, Bowen A, Ledesma-Medina J, Salamon N, Bluestone CD. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(13):749.

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Categories
Urology

Testicular Pain

Acute testicular pain is a common presenting complaint in the Pediatric Emergency Department. In this episode of PEM Currents you will learn about testicular torsion, epididymitis, torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis, inguinal hernias and more. And remember, first and foremost, time is testicle!

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References

Jefferies MT, Cox AC, Gupta A, Proctor A. The management of acute testicular pain in children and adolescents. BMJ 2015; 350:h1563.

Lewis AG, Bukowski TP, Jarvis PD, et al. Evaluation of acute scrotum in the emergency department. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30:277.

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Categories
gastroenterology Infectious Diseases

Probiotics for Gastroenteritis

This episode of PEM Currents features an in-depth interview with the lead author on the recent New England Journal paper on the use of probiotics in gastroenteritis. David Schnadower was kind enough to sit down with me and James Gray, a Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow from Cincinnati Children’s to talk about the study and its implications for the care of children with infectious gastroenteritis. You will find a full transcript of the podcast on PEMBlog.com.

Read the full article from the New England Journal of Medicine.

References

Freedman et al. Multicenter Trial of a Combination Probiotic for Children with Gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:2015-2026. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802597.

Schnadower et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus Placebo for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. NEJM 2018; 379:2002-2014. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802598.

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Categories
Orthopedics

Intranasal Ketamine

I am delighted to bring you this special episode of PEM Currents, the Pediatric Emergency Medicine podcast. It’s all about intranasal ketamine and its use for acute pain management in the Pediatric Emergency Department. I had the pleasure of interviewing Theresa Frey, Assistant Professor from the Division of Emergency Medicine at Cincinnati Children’s. Theresa is the 2016 winner of the Ken Graff Award from the AAP’s Section on Emergency Medicine. Funding from the award supported her study comparing intranasal fentanyl and intranasal ketamine in a randomized controlled trial for the treatment of acute, long bone fracture pain. We talk about the existing evidence, what’s to come in the future and how you can learn more about intranasal ketamine.

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References

Graudins A, Meek R, Egerton-Warburton D, Oakley E, Seith R. The PICHFORK (Pain in Children Fentanyl or Ketamine) Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Intranasal Ketamine and Fentanyl for the Relief of Moderate to Severe Pain in Children With Limb Injuries. Annals of emergency medicine. 2015;65(3):248-254.e241.

Reynolds SL, Bryant KK, Studnek JR, et al. Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Intranasal Ketamine Compared to Intranasal Fentanyl for Analgesia in Children with Suspected Extremity Fractures. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2017.

Yeaman F, Oakley E, Meek R, Graudins A. Sub-dissociative dose intranasal ketamine for limb injury pain in children in the emergency department: a pilot study. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA. 2013;25(2):161-167.

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Categories
Orthopedics

Pelvic Avulsion Fractures

Pop goes the apophysis! In teenage athletes the apophyseal cartilage is the weak point along the pelvic rim. Learn about these common injuries in this edition of PEM Currents, the Pediatric Emergency Medicine podcast.

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References

Kocher MS, Tucker R. Pediatric athlete hip disorders. R.Clin Sports Med. 2006 Apr;25(2):241-53, viii.

Pediatric Emergency Medicine Morsels: Pelvic Avulsion Fractures

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Categories
Infectious Diseases

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Acute Flaccid Myelitis is a rare but serious disease characterized by rapid onset of muscle weakness. Diagnosis also requires an MRI with lesions in multiple spinal levels or CSF pleocytosis. cases have been reported over the past several years and though a specific cause is unknown strains of enterovirus are suspected culprits.

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References

AAP – Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children

CDC / Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists: Revision to the Standardized Surveillance and Case Definition for Acute Flaccid Myelitis

CDC: Acute Flaccid Myelitis

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Categories
Uncategorized

Otitis Externa

With summer pool season in full swing allow me to freestyle a little on a common topic that many Emergency Departments and Urgent Cares seem to be swimming in every summer. This episode of PEM Currents dives right into Otitis  Externa – AKA Swimmer’s Ear and reviews diagnosis and treatment. If you were treading water and looking for this topic the wade is over.

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References

Beers SL, Abramo TJ. Otitis externa review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20(4):250.

Osguthorpe JD, Nielsen DR. Otitis externa: Review and clinical update.. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(9):1510.

Roland PS, Younis R, Wall GM. A comparison of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone with neomycin/polymyxin/hydrocortisone for otitis externa pain. Adv Ther. 2007;24(3):671.

Rosenfeld RM, Singer M, Wasserman JM, Stinnett SS. Systematic review of topical antimicrobial therapy for acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(4 Suppl):S24. 

Russell JD, Donnelly M, McShane DP, Alun-Jones T, Walsh M. What causes acute otitis externa?J Laryngol Otol. 1993;107(10):898.

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Categories
Cardiology Rheumatology

Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki Disease, AKA Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, is one of the most common vasculitides of childhood. The hallmark is fever ≥5 days plus 4/5 of the following; mucous membrane changes, conjunctivitis, polymorphous rash, extremity changes and lymph node enlargement. It can also lead to coronary artery aneurysms, which is why its so important to make an accurate diagnosis.

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References

Dominguez SR, Anderson MS, El-Adawy M, Glodé MP. Preventing coronary artery abnormalities: a need for earlier diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Dec;31(12):1217-20.

Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Arerugi. 1967;16(3):178.

McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, Baker AL, Jackson MA, Takahashi M, Shah PB, Kobayashi T, Wu MH, Saji TT, Pahl E, American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association.. Circulation. 2017;135(17):e927. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

Son MB, Gauvreau K, Ma L, Baker AL, Sundel RP, Fulton DR, Newburger JW. Treatment of Kawasaki disease: analysis of 27 US pediatric hospitals from 2001 to 2006. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):1.

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Categories
Infectious Diseases

Acute Otitis Media

OK, so this is the least exciting topic in Pediatric Emergency Medicine… With that being said, you will all see it. And we need to be good at looking at ears, diagnosing acute otitis media, and appropriately choosing when and which antibiotic to prescribe.

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References

Karma PH, et al., Pneumatic otoscopy and otitis media: The value of different tympanic membrane findings and their combinations. In: Recent advances in otitis media: proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Lim DJ, Bluestone CD, Klein JO, et al (Eds), Decker, Burlington, Ontario 1993. p.41.

Lieberthal et al., The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media. Pediatrics, March 2013, Volume 131 / Issue 3.

Rothman et al., Does this child have acute otitis media? JAMA. 2003;290(12):1633.

Shaikh et al., Development of an algorithm for the diagnosis of otitis media. Acad Pediatr. 2012;12(3):214. Epub 2012 Mar 28.

Thompson M, et al., Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review. TARGET Programme BMJ. 2013;347:f7027. Epub 2013 Dec 11.

Venekamp RP, et al., Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 201.

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